Summary:The Industrial Revolution, took place from the 18th to 19th centuries. It was a period during which predominantly agrarian, rural societies in Europe and America became industrial and urban.Industrializationmarked a shift in Socaity and thinking partly because of the poor standards of living for some.
Jeremy Bentham - British philosopher and economist who advocated utilitarianism
Utilitarianism - idea that the goal of society should be “the greatest happiness for the greater number” Socialism - radical solution to end poverty and injustice
Means of Production - the farms, factories, railways, and other large businesses that produce and/or distribute goods
Robert Owen- became a successful mill owner but refused and fought child labor and encouraged organization of labor unions
Karl Marx- German philosopher, condemned ideas of utopians. Formed scientific socialism. based on scientific study of history.
Communism - form of socialism advocated by Karl Marx in which an inevitable struggle between classes would end and make a classless society
Proletariat - working class
Social Democracy - political ideology in which there is a gradual transition from capitalism to socialism instead of a sudden and violent change in the system
Econimianism:
People of importance
Thomas Malthus:
Said poverty was inevitable because population was growing faster than the food supply
Said population was controlled by natural methods, being disease, war, and famine
Promoted poorer families to have fewer children and urged people to not give to charity or give out vaccines
An economist
Wrote an essay named An Essay on the Principle of Population
Tried to understand changes during the industrial age
Most of his theories were wrong, except for fewer children for poorer families and the food supply and population.
Adam Smith
Proponent in laissez-faire economics
Wrote the wealth of nations
Asserted that a free market (unregulated exchange of goods and services) would help everyone
Said free market would produce more goods at a lower price.
David Ricardo
British laissez faire economist
Did not think the working class would escape poverty
Opposed any government help for the poor
Believed the best cure for poverty was free market
Jeremy Bentham
Advocating Utilitarianism (activities provide more pleasure than pain)
Said individual freedom is guaranteed happiness, but still said the government should be involved in certain
circumstances.
John Stuart Mill
Influenced by Jeremy Bentham
Believed in individual freedom
Wanted government to help the lives of the working class
Saw proper role of government is that it prevents others from harm.
His ideas were rejected at first, but gained popularity in the 1800's
Today many democracies use Mill's ideas
Robert Owen
Utopian socialist
Utopian community was in New Lanark, Scotlan
Refused to use child labor
Encouraged Labor unions
Karl Marx
German philosoplher
Condemned ideas of the Utopians
Formulated the theory of scientific socialism- way to describe the social-political-economic theory
Teamed up with Fredrich Engles
wrote a pamphlet called TheCommunist Manifesto in 1848
Marx and Engels created a form of socialism called communism, where there was a classless society
Marx despised capitalism and said it brought prosperity for a few and poverty for many
Friedrich Engels
German socialist
Worked with karl marx
Supported communism
TYPES OF ECONOMICS
Laissez-faire economics
Main person was adam smith
It encouraged the free market system
Produced more goods at a lower price
Did not use the government no matter what
Utiltarianism
Idea that the goal of society should be the greatest happiness for its citizen
Believed laws should provide more pleasure than pain.
Individual freedom
Almost always was focused on what laws would make society happy and keep it stable
Used in some modern democracies
Socialism
The society rather than individuals operate the means of production, being the farms, factories, railways and businesses that produce and distribute goods.
Grew out of enlightenment’s faith in progress
Has the Utopian branch
Utopians
people who established or live in colonies where property and the means of production were owned by everyone in the society.
there was no difference between rich and poor in these colonies
Communism
form of socialism
classless society
all production would be owned by the community
everyone earns the same amount of almost everything. including land and money
Q: Explain the response to faire’s economics during the 19th century.
A: People took it fairly seriously since they actually went through with the economic plans
Q: what did stuart see as the purpose of the government?
A: To tackle the hard parts of society
Q: What did early socialists believe?
A: Means of goods should be for the public not private people
Q: What did Marx predict was the future of the proletariat?
A: He predicted that the working class would end and everyone would enter a classless society where everyone would be happy go lucky in the new system of government.
Q: How accurate did Marx’s predictions about social classes prove to be?
A: Nationalism eventually came out on top instead of his communist ideals
Practice quiz questions:
Q: Who saw history as a series of class struggles?
A: G. Karl Marx
Q: What is a political ideology of a gradual transition from capitalism to socialism?
A: H. Social Democracy
Q: Who were the working class?
A: B. Proletariat
Q: What is a system in which the people, not the government, own and operate businesses?
A: D. Socialism
Q: What are farms, factories, railroads and other large businesses?
A: E. Means of production
Q: Thomas Malthus is best known for his writings about
A: A. Population and food supply
Q: Laissez-faire economists believed
A: D. Free market would help everyone
Q: “The greatest happiness for the greatest number” is a focus of
New Ways of Thinking (260-264)
Summary: The Industrial Revolution, took place from the 18th to 19th centuries. It was a period during which predominantly agrarian, rural societies in Europe and America became industrial and urban.Industrializationmarked a shift in Socaity and thinking partly because of the poor standards of living for some.
Jeremy Bentham - British philosopher and economist who advocated utilitarianismUtilitarianism - idea that the goal of society should be “the greatest happiness for the greater number”
Socialism - radical solution to end poverty and injustice
Means of Production - the farms, factories, railways, and other large businesses that produce and/or distribute goods
Robert Owen- became a successful mill owner but refused and fought child labor and encouraged organization of labor unions
Karl Marx- German philosopher, condemned ideas of utopians. Formed scientific socialism. based on scientific study of history.
Communism - form of socialism advocated by Karl Marx in which an inevitable struggle between classes would end and make a classless society
Proletariat - working class
Social Democracy - political ideology in which there is a gradual transition from capitalism to socialism instead of a sudden and violent change in the system
Econimianism:
People of importance
Thomas Malthus:
Adam Smith
David Ricardo
British laissez faire economist
Did not think the working class would escape poverty
Opposed any government help for the poor
Believed the best cure for poverty was free market
Jeremy Bentham
Advocating Utilitarianism (activities provide more pleasure than pain)
Said individual freedom is guaranteed happiness, but still said the government should be involved in certain
circumstances.
John Stuart Mill
Influenced by Jeremy Bentham
Believed in individual freedom
Wanted government to help the lives of the working class
Saw proper role of government is that it prevents others from harm.
His ideas were rejected at first, but gained popularity in the 1800's
Today many democracies use Mill's ideas
Robert Owen
Karl Marx
Marx and Engels created a form of socialism called communism, where there was a classless society
Friedrich Engels
German socialist
Worked with karl marx
Supported communism
TYPES OF ECONOMICS
Laissez-faire economics
Main person was adam smith
It encouraged the free market system
Produced more goods at a lower price
Did not use the government no matter what
UtiltarianismIdea that the goal of society should be the greatest happiness for its citizen
Believed laws should provide more pleasure than pain.
Individual freedom
Almost always was focused on what laws would make society happy and keep it stable
Used in some modern democracies
Socialism
The society rather than individuals operate the means of production, being the farms, factories, railways and businesses that produce and distribute goods.
Grew out of enlightenment’s faith in progress
Has the Utopian branch
Utopians
Communism
Q: Explain the response to faire’s economics during the 19th century.
A: People took it fairly seriously since they actually went through with the economic plans
Q: what did stuart see as the purpose of the government?
A: To tackle the hard parts of society
Q: What did early socialists believe?
A: Means of goods should be for the public not private people
Q: What did Marx predict was the future of the proletariat?
A: He predicted that the working class would end and everyone would enter a classless society where everyone would be happy go lucky in the new system of government.
Q: How accurate did Marx’s predictions about social classes prove to be?
A: Nationalism eventually came out on top instead of his communist ideals
Practice quiz questions:
Q: Who saw history as a series of class struggles?
A: G. Karl Marx
Q: What is a political ideology of a gradual transition from capitalism to socialism?
A: H. Social Democracy
Q: Who were the working class?
A: B. Proletariat
Q: What is a system in which the people, not the government, own and operate businesses?
A: D. Socialism
Q: What are farms, factories, railroads and other large businesses?
A: E. Means of production
Q: Thomas Malthus is best known for his writings about
A: A. Population and food supply
Q: Laissez-faire economists believed
A: D. Free market would help everyone
Q: “The greatest happiness for the greatest number” is a focus of
A: C. Utilitarianism
Q: Robert Owen was a Utopian who supported
A: A. Labor unions
Q: Two goals of communism are to
A: B. End capitalism; create a classless society
Links: (primarily pictures)